高分重点托福写作同义词替换

国内考生常用的表达

更得分的表达方式

名词

1

things that one tries hard to do

one's undertakings/

one's commitments

2

The fact is that…

The reality is that…

3

joy

happiness/ delight/ enjoyment

4

sadness

sorrow/ grief

5

danger

hazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强，

危险程度非同一般) [派生]

dangerous；hazardous

6

education

≈schooling （指学校教育，

家庭教育则用upbringing/ parenting）

[区分]家庭教育的两个词

upbringing是从孩子的角度说的，

比如children's upbringing；

而parenting是从家长的角度来说，

比如sensible parenting.

7

advertisement/ advertising

如果你写过关于广告的题目，

就一定体会过不停轮换使用

advertisement/ advertising

有多郁闷。其实主体段论证中

完全可以把广告类细化，比如

commercials（电视或者互联

网上的广告），flyers

（传单广告，北京最常见的

形式就是“135****，办证”），

billboards（大幅的广告牌）或者

non-profit advertisements=

public-interest advertisements

（公益广告）

8

car

automobile

9

economic crisis

economic meltdown

（很接近）/recession

（这个一般仅仅还是衰退）

/the Great Depression

（这个则是特指1929年开始的那次了）

10

famous people

celebrities （单数为celebrity）

11

human beings（备考生使用过多）

humanity（注意这个词的单

数指人类，复数指人文学科）

/the human race

12

wealth

fortune(s) （fortune

作财富的意思时可以加复数）

13

[相关] rich

wealthy/ affluent (adj.)

14

skill

≈technique(注意这个词的

正确解释是技能或者方法，

而不是technology科技)

15

[派生] skilled

adept/ adroit (adj.)

16

method

methodology (国外学术

写作中超级常用的词，

基本就是method的故作高深版）

17

field

sphere/ domain/ arena

18

understanding of

≈ grasp of/ command of

19

choice

option

20

cooperation

≈collaboration

21

basic structure in a city or a country

infrastructure

22

tiredness for a long time

fatigue

23

is a must of

is a prerequisite for

（是……的必备先决条件）

24

the Internet

≈the information highway

(一篇考生作文里Internet被

使用十几次是常事儿)

25

honesty

≈integrity

26

strong belief

faith (in)

27

aim

intention

28

worries

anxieties (是的，这两个

词的确都可以加复数）

29

influence

impact/ repercussion/

implication

30

influence on each other

mutual influence（类似

的表达还有mutual respect,

mutual trust和mutual

understanding/ interaction

between A and B/

interplay between A and B

31

many different kinds of…

a variety of…/

a wide array of…/

a wide range of…

32

wrong ideas held by many people

misconceptions

33

fame

prestige/

sterling reputation

34

range

≈spectrum

35

sense

≈ recognition

36

part

component

（这个词不仅指零件，

在学术写作中也经常指“部分”）

37

wise

[相关] sensible (adj.)

38

gap

disparity

39

a system for a particular purpose

≈ a mechanism for…

40

a solution to sth.

a remedy for sth.

（生活中经常指一种病

的治疗方法，但学术写作

中经常用来指某种问题的

解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同）

41

bad students

≈ unruly students/

disruptive students

42

bad behavior

unethical behavior/

immoral behavior

43

organizations that help poor people

charities/

charitable organizations

44

difference

distinction

45

[派生] be different from

be distinct from (adj.)

46

person

individual

47

personality

≈ disposition

48

businesses

enterprises（这里指企业）

49

prices that are too high

exorbitant prices

50

the rate of…

the incidence of…

（后面一般跟坏事儿，

比如unemployment/

crime/ a disease）

51

intense enthusiasm

zeal/ passion

52

cultural globalization（有过多人使用这个词）

global cultural

homogenization

53

a thing that is necessary

a necessity

54

a thing that is new and interesting

a novelty

55

a thing that is rare

a rarity

56

things that people are not sure about

uncertainties

57

a world language

a universal language

58

friends

companions

59

relaxation

≈ recreation

60

self-respect

≈ self-esteem and dignity

61

respect sb./ sth.

hold sb./ sth. in high regard

62

[反义] look down on…

treat … with

contempt = despise (v.)

63

self-control

self-discipline

64

criminal

convict

65

prisoner

inmate

66

drinks

≈ alcoholic beverages

67

people who walk on the street

pedestrians

68

old generations in history

ancestors

69

a person who benefits from sth.

a beneficiary of sth.

70

a disease that spreads quickly

an epidemic

（注意这个词虽然是-ic结尾，

却不是形容词）

71

a very unpleasant way of life

misery

72

a task that requires lots of effort

an arduous task

73

emotion

≈ sentiment

74

enemy

≈ opponent/ foe

75

narrow minds

insular minds

（狭隘的头脑或者观念）

76

a way to do sth.

an approach to doing sth./

an avenue towards sth.

77

hobby

≈ pastime/ diversion

78

progress

progression

（经常指抽象的进步，

比如写关于society/

career/ technology的话题）

79

failure

setback（注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）

80

importance

significance

（当你用了一次importance之后，

第二次不妨用这个）

81

duty

obligation

（用于比较重要的责任）

82

difficulty

hindrance/

impediment/

hurdles

83

pressure from your classmates

peer pressure

84

citizens who can work

labor force/

workforce

（都是总体概念，而且注意后

面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格）

85

problems or diseases that exist for a long time

persistent problems/

chronic diseases

86

a life without regular exercise

a sedentary lifestyle

87

result

consequence

（表示消极的结果更多一些）

88

thoughts

≈ considerations

89

the lack of knowledge

ignorance

（注意在地道英文里，

这个词经常并不表示“忽视”，

而是表示“无知”）

90

harm (n.)

adverse effect

91

harm (vt.)

damage destroy/ ruin

（这两个词比damage程度更重）

spoil（后面跟the cityscape/

scenery/ environment）

undermine

（后面跟抽象概念，

比如stability/ social order/ harmony）

jeopardize （后面跟抽象概念，

比如one's future/ one's career）

tarnish

（后面跟one's reputation/ image）

sap/ dampen

（后面跟one's enthusiasm/

interest/ confidence）

92

[派生] harmful

detrimental (adj.)

93

[派生] be harmful to

≈ pose a threat to

94

bad luck

misfortune

95

trouble

adversity/

dilemma/

predicament/ hardship

96

crime

offense/ criminal act

97

youth crime

≈ juvenile delinquency

98

criminal

offender/ ≈

culprit/ ≈

perpetrator

99

serious crime

heinous crime/

felony

100

a minor crime

a misdemeanor

101

shortage (of)

scarcity (of)/

dearth (of)

102

the only one

an exception

103

places where animals live

habitat

形容词

104

worrying

≈ disturbing

105

very popular

prevalent/

ubiquitous

106

TRUE

genuine

(truly a genuinely)

107

deep

profound

（深刻的，后面经常跟wisdom/

truths/ understanding/

impact/ thoughts）

108

strong

powerful/ mighty

109

weak

≈ vulnerable

110

hard-working

industrious

（注意不是industrial，

而diligent那个词在

美语中是个挺大的词）

111

very disappointing

lamentable/ pathetic

112

be good (for)

be beneficial (to) =

be in the best interests (of)

113

be not as good as

be inferior to

114

be better than

be superior to

115

uninteresting

mundane

（注意这个词其实再

美国很多时候并不是

“世俗的”意思/humdrum

116

many

numerous（注意要跟可数名词）

117

complicated

intricate

118

strange

odd/ bizarre/

eccentric

（单weird有点过于口语化了）

119

cannot be turned back

be irreversible

120

produce useful results

productive

121

practical

≈ realistic

122

mature

sophisticated

（这个词指人的时候

意思是思维成熟老练的）

123

selfish

self-centered/

materialistic

124

proud （贬义）

conceited

125

suitable

fitting

126

most suitable

optimal

127

lonely

isolated/ alienated

128

alone

solitary

129

be easily influenced by sth.

be susceptible to sth.

（一般是坏事情，

比如a disease/ attacks）

130

is better than

is superior to

131

not as good as…

is inferior to

132

be the same

be identical/

be homogenous/

be uniform

（后面两个词比较正式，

一般是说cultural

globalization的时候常用，

现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫

school uniforms了吧，

就是让大家都看起来一

样的衣服）

133

interesting

≈ stimulating

134

boring

≈ monotonous/

repetitive

135

useless

redundant

136

smart

intelligent

137

famous

renowned

138

positive

≈ desirable/

encouraging

139

happy

delighted

140

enjoyable

delightful

141

can be used

be available

142

hard to understand

bewildering/

baffling/

confusing

143

(laws/ rules/ people) not strict

lenient

144

healthy

wholesome

（注意说人的健康还是

要用healthy，

但是如果说事物有益健康，

就可以用wholesome）

145

good for the envrionment

eco-friendly

比如Biking is far more

eco-friendly than driving

their SUVs.）

146

nervous/ anxious

≈ apprehensive

147

doubt sth.

be skeptical about sth.

148

fair

≈ justified

149

unfair

≈ unwarranted/ unjustifiable

150

huge

enormous/ massive/

vast/ colossal

151

small

tiny/ miniscule

（后面一般跟抽象名词）

152

have many different abilities

be versatile/ be well-rounded

153

be familiar with

be well-acquainted with

154

very successful/ admirable

distinguished

155

proper

appropriate

156

typical

quintessential

（这个语气非常强）

157

exact

precise/ ≈ accurate

158

ugly

unsightly

159

poor-quality

substandard

(housing/ accommodation/

work/ goods/ machines)

160

the present…

the current…/

the existing…

（比如the current financial

crisis/ the existing

environmental problems)

161

outdated

antiquated/ obsolete

162

highly-respected

esteemed

163

complete(adj.)/ whole

entire

164

spend a lot of money

lead an extravagant/

a lavish life

165

open

enlighted/ progressive

（开明的，逐步的，经常用来

形容govern-ment 或者society）

166

sth. must be carried out

sth. is compulsory/

sth. is mandatory

167

with long history

time-honored

（后面经常跟抽象名词，

比如tradition/ practice/

methods/ heritage）

168

continuing forever

perpetual

169

important

significant

essential

vital

(这三个词的重要性依次递增)

170

very attractive

very appealing/

fascinating/

captivating

171

very careful

cautious

172

be very interested in

be absorbed in/

be engrossed in

173

be qualified for

be eligible for

174

disappointing

frustrating

175

wrong

erroneous

176

long and a bit annoying

lengthy

177

very difficult

daunting/

formidable

178

being spread in uncontrolled way

rampant

（后面经常跟负面现象，

比如crime, pollution

或者discrimination）

179

cruel

≈ inhumane/

merciless

180

fat

overweight/ obese

（后面这个已经胖出病了）

181

having wrong opinions

skewed/ biased

（这两个词一般在IELTS

媒体类话题使用，

表示“有偏见的”）

182

including many things

comprehensive

（综合的，全面的）

183

enough

adequate/

sufficient/

ample/

abundant

（注意这四个词的语气是逐渐递增的)

184

too much

excessive

185

very little

minimal

（注意不是minimum）

186

cause bad effects

counterproductive

（其实地道英文写作

里这个词不见得和生

产有关，只要阻止人们达

到目的，都可以写它

counterproductive)

187

strict

stringent

（后面一般跟laws,measures或者rules）

188

urgent

pressing (problems)

189

quiet

tranquil and serene

（美语中这两个词经常

可以连在一起用）

动词

190

make sth. strong

strengthen/

fortify/

reinforce/

consolidate sth.

191

make sth. weak

weaken/ erode （侵蚀）

192

make sth. better

enhance/

better

（很少看到国内考生用

better当动词，

其实在学术写作中

better sth.是挺常见的表达）

193

make sth. worse

aggravate/

exacerbate sth.

194

control…(a negative trend)

curb…(crime/

pollution/

economic recessions)

195

stop

cease

196

manage sth.

≈ regulate sth./

oversee sth.

197

appear

emerge/ arise

（后者的主语一般是抽象概念，

比如debate）

198

die out

go extinct

199

fail to see

neglect/

overlook

200

set…free

release (prisoners/

stress)

201

begin

commence/ initiate

(后者跟抽象概念更多，

比如initiate the conflict)

202

narrow/ bridge the gap between A and B(注意这里bridge作动词）

[反义] widen the gap

between A and B

203

be forced to do sth.

be compelled

to do sth.

204

keep complaining about sth.

grumble about sth.

205

try hard to do sth.

≈pursue sth.

(one's goal/

one's career/

business interests/

maximum profit/

hegemony)

206

do sth.

≈ perform/ conduct

（注意这里的perform

不是“表演”而是“从事”）

207

do not do sth.

refrain from doing sth.

208

carry out

implement

209

turn…into…

convert…to/

into…

210

decrease

decline/ dwindle

（特指逐渐缓慢的减少）

/ dip/ slip

(后两个词用来指短促的下降)

211

make a crime

commit a crime

（注意作文中不要用make a crime

这样不地道的英文）

212

commit a crime again

revert to crime

（这里的crime作不可数名词）

213

punish

penalize

214

[派生]punishment

penalty

215

spread

propagate/ disseminate

（这两个词后面经常跟

information/

ideas/

belief这类名词）

216

develop fast

flourish/

thrive

217

develop （这里作“培养”的意思

cultivate/

foster/

nurture

（这三个词后面经常跟

和教育有关的名词，

比如an interest

in social issues）

218

[相关]fast-developing

burgeoning

219

accept

adopt（注意这个词

不是adapt适应，

而是接纳，采纳的意思）

220

build

construct

221

gather

garner，但这个词只能

用在很正式的意思，

而且略有贬义，

比如garner funding,

garner support during

the UN climate

conference at Copenhagen

222

measure

gauge, 比measure

稍正式一点

223

teach sth.

≈impart sth./

inculcate sth.

（注意如果teach后面是

人则不要替换）

224

start

initiate

多用于政府类话题

225

support

espouse，

后面跟某种重要的事业，

类似的还有动词champion

（作动词不是冠军的意思了）

和动词sanction

（它作名词则变成了“制裁”）

226

praise

≈ compliment/

extol

（后面这个语气很强）

227

support

≈ buttress/

bolster

228

prove/ confirm

verify

229

create

generate

（一般是大规模的产生，

比如generate employment

opportunities/

generate tax revenue/

electricity)

breed

（一般是产生消极的东西，

比如conflict/ crime/ resentment）

spawn（一般是产生新事物，

比如spawn inventions/

innovations）

230

use

≈ utilize/exploit

231

use…again

recycle

232

work hard

work assiduously

233

get

≈ acquire

（注意acquire/

gain knowledge比

learn knowledge在

地道英文中更加常见）

234

consider

contemplate/

reflect on/ ponder

235

meet

encounter，

多用于政府，

文化或者success

这样偏大一些的话题

236

provide sth.

afford sth.

（在正式英文写作中，

afford经常可以表示“提供”

237

need

require

（注意主语如果是人

称则一般还需要使用need，

但如果主语是事物，

则可以改用require）

238

like sth. very much

≈ have an affinity for sth./

have a strong

attachment to sth.

239

be unhappy about

complain about (v.)/

be discontended with (adj.)

240

ask for

request

241

raise

elevate，就是正式版的raise，

但只是“提高”而不能表示

抚养小孩的意思

242

look like sth.

resemble sth.

243

treat…poorly

mistreat…/ abuse…

244

consider sth. valuable

value sth./

treasure sth./

cherish sth.

245

keep

≈ maintain/

preserve

（这个词后面经常跟

traditions/

cultural heritage/

wild animals/

natural resources等）

246

mix… together

blend/ combine/

synthesize

247

solve

tackle/

combat/

address

248

notice

discern

249

understand… to mean…/ to be…

interpret…as…

（很多时候这个词

并不是口译，

而是把…理解为……）

250

choose sth./ choose to do sth.

opt for sth./

opt to do sth.

251

achieve

fulfill (one's dream/

one's goal/

one's potential/

one's obligation/

one's promise/

one's task)

252

appear in large numbers

sprout up/

mushroom

253

make… less serious

relieve/

ease/

alleviate

（作文中经常用到的搭配有

relieve stress/

alleviate poverty/

ease the traffic

congestion等）

254

pay…for (one's loss)

compensate…for…

255

pay…for (one's effort)

reward…for…

256

make sth. faster

accelerate sth./

speed up sth.

257

join

participate in

258

outweight

prevail over

（大家应该已经注意到了，

新托福议论文的题目中

经常出现outweight这个

词用来比较事物的

重要性或者利弊，

在作文中最好不要重复

考题中出现过的特征词汇）

259

contribute to

promote/ facilitate

（这两个词都是及物动词，

所以不需要跟to）

260

prevent the development of…

hinder/

impede/

inhibit/

obstruct…

261

find out

≈ identify

262

encourage sb. to…

≈motivate sb. to…

263

like sth. very much

adore sth.

264

dislike sth. very much

abhor/

detest/

loathe

265

hate

resent/

hold a grudge against

266

limit

restrict/

constrain

267

avoid

≈ bypass/

eschew/

shun

268

is not limited to…

is not restricted to…/

is not confined to…

（经常用来描述一个

trend不仅限于某个范围）

269

be so surprised

be astonished/

be astounded/

be startled

270

decide

determine

271

move to…

relocate to…/

have been relocated to…

272

come from…

originate from/ in…

273

improve

boost/ enhance

（比如boost solidarity

增进团结/

enhance productivity

提高生产率）

274

waste

use… lavishly

275

attack

assail

（语气更强烈）

276

reduce

curtail

（多用于政府投资类话题）/

diminish（多用于文化类或者

发展类中的抽象话题）

277

increase

augment（多用于政府投资类话题）

278

help

assist

279

help (n.)

assistance

280

set up

establish

281

try to do sth.

attempt to do sth.

282

try hard to do sth.

make a strenuous/

an arduous/

a painstaking

effort to do sth.

283

change

alter

284

change… a lot

fundamentally

change…/

radically change…/

transform…

285

solve

address/

combat

286

correct (vt.)

rectify

(a mistake)

287

take down

demolish/ raze

（谈到拆老建筑的时候常用）

288

obey

abide by/

comply with/

conform to

(后面跟the law/

rules/ regulations等）

289

ban

ban… altogether/

strictly prohibit…

290

criticize

condemn/ denounce

（这两个词一般用于政府类话题，

但不要用在教育类）

291

increase

show an upward trend/

be on therise反义：

show a downward trend

292

depend on

hinge on=

be contingent on

（意思是：取决于 ……）

293

depend on

rely on

（意思是：依靠……）

294

deal with

cope with

295

do one's best to do sth.

commit oneself to doing sth./

strive to do sth./

do one's utmost to do sth./

spare no effort to do sth.

296

use up

exhaust

(energy/ resources)/

stretch (resources)

to the limit

297

report the details of sth.

report sth.

In graphic detail

298

prevent sb. from focusing on…

distract sb. from…

299

spend A on B

≈ dedicate A to B

300

use too much…

stretch… to the limit/

put a strain on…

301

pour

discharge

（排放，环境类话题常用，

比如discharge chemical

waste into rivers,

streams and lakes）

302

get used to

get accustomed to

303

die out

go extinct

304

continue to exist

persist

305

come with…

be attended by /

be accompanied by…

306

broaden one's horizons

expand one's outlook/

enlarge one's vision

(broaden one's horizons

这个句型已经被考生

使用过多惨遭贬值)

307

break the law

violate the law

308

put sb. In prison

incarcerate sb.

309

make laws against…

legislate against…

310

[相关]law

legislation

(名词，注意law在特指具体

的法律时可以用复数，

但是legislation不能用复数）

311

make sth. active

stimulate

（后面经常跟imagination/

creativity/

interest/

economic growth等词汇）

312

make one's dream come true

fulfill one's potential/

attain one's goal

313

have the right to do sth.

be entitled to do sth.

314

lead to change in

act as a catalyst

for change in…

315

stick to

adhere to/

cling to

（注意后面这个有时候略带贬义）

316

deal with the need

meet the demand/

satisfy the need

317

take… away from sb.

deprive sb. of…

（省略号中可以填入freedom/

leisure time/

the right to

等值得拥有的内容)

318

give sb. the ability to

enable sb. to

319

get a clear idea of

get a clear

perspective of

320

be lost

go astray

（作文中如果写青少年“误入歧途”，

就不要再写get lost)

321

spend too much time on

be addicted to/

be preoccupied with/

be obsessed with

(这三个词组的语气越来越强)

322

prepare for…

pave the way for…/

lay the groundwork for…/

lay a solid foundation for…

（为……打好基础）

323

break the balance

upset the balance

324

balance A and B

strike a balance

between A and B

(在A 和B之间争取一种平衡)

325

catch

capture

326

think of… as

regard…as/

view…as/

perceive…as

327

get rid of

eliminate/

remove

328

get rid of

abolish

（多用于政府类话题，废除）

329

make… higher

drive up

（后面经常跟the crime rate/

unemployment rate）

副词

330

more and more+adj.

Increasingly+adj.

但要注意如果后面不是adj.

而是noun,

那么就可以用

an increasing number of

（跟可数名词）/

an increasing amount of

（跟不可数名词）来代替

331

mainly

primarily/

principally/

chiefly

332

In the old days,…

Traditionally,…/

Historically,…

333

now

≈ currently

334

Actually,…

≈ Technically,…

（严格来说它的意思

并不是“事实上”，

但在学术写作中它是一个

表示“精确地说”非常帮的词语）

335

very soon

immediately

336

not often at all

rarely

337

completely

entirely

338

do sth. without careful thought

do sth. Impulsively

339

blindly

indiscriminately

（不加选择的）/

mechanically

（机械的）

340

only

≈ merely

（注意只有a little/

a bit后面跟形容词的

时候才可以这样替换）

341

a little/ a bit

somewhat

(注意只有a little/

a bit后面跟形容词的

时候才可以这样替换)

342

mainly

primarily/

principally/

chiefly

短语或句型

343

about

regarding/

concerning/

with respect to/

with regard to

344

before…

prior to…

345

a few

a handful of

(请注意仅指少数时

a couple of

容易被挑剔的考官

判为过于口语化)

346

Although…, the real situation is…

Hypothetically,…/

Theoretically,…/

In theory/ Ideally,..

.→But in reality, …/

But in actuality,…/

But in practice,…

(Ideally 指“理想化地说”)

347

Most young people…

Young people tend to…

=Young people typically…

tend to 和typically都是

表示某一类人多半会

怎样做的常用表达）

348

needs to be changed

is crying out for

reform（固定短语）

349

be punished by the law

be brought to

justice

350

do sth. together

make a concerted

effort to do sth.

351

It is common for sb. to…

It is standard

practice for sb. to…

352

is based on…

is predicted on…

353

have no choice but to…

have no option but

to…/ have no

alternative but to…

354

be worth the effort

be worthwhile

355

and so on

etc.（前面可加逗号）

356

become more than

exceed/ surpass

357

grow fast

grow dramatically/

soar/

rocket

358

fall fast

fall drastically/

plunge/

plummet

359

much higher

considerably/

substantially/

significantly higher

360

a little higher

marginally higher/

slightly higher/

fractionally higher

361

is closely connected

is intrinsically

linked to…

362

through

by way of (介词短语)

363

on the whole

overall

364

because of

due to/ owing to

（新托福作文中这两个

词组后面经常是跟负

面含义的名词）

365

before (时间)

prior to

366

in this aspect

in this regard/

in this respect

(这里不是尊重的意思，而是指某方面)

367

despite/ in spite of

notwithstanding

（请注意这三个词都

是后面不惜紧跟名词

或者名词短语，而不可以

直接跟从句）

368

in fact

as a matter of fact ≈

in essence/

essentially

(in essence/

essentially 的意思是

“本质上”）

369

besides

apart from

370

about/ around

approximately

371

It is obvious that…

It is evident that…

372

sth. stops.

sth. comes to a standstill

373

be similar to…

be akin to…

(学术写作中相当常见的句型)

374

A is as … as B

B is … A is equally…

375

It is impossible that…

It is highly

unlikely that…

376

A has made B+adj./n.

A has rendered B+adj./ n.

（这里的宾语B 后面只能

是跟形容词或者名词）

377

A has made B do sth.

A has promoted/

impelled sb. to do sth.

（注意这两个词后面的

宾语之后不能省略to）

378

sth. does not always remain the same.

sth. is not carved in stone

（某事物并非一成不变）

379

A high percentage of…

The proportion of…

is very high.

（……的比例很高）

380

The cause of … is …

can be attributed to/

can be ascribed to…

（可以归因于……)

381

no matter

regardless of/

irrespective of

（注意no matter

后面一般跟从句，

而regardless of

和irrespective of

后面多数时候跟名词

或者名词短语）

382

talking about…/ speaking of

in terms of…

（经常用来限制一个命

题的适用范围，比如

In terms of culture,

this city is fascinating.

But in terms of traffic,

it is inferior.）