要在雅思写作和口语中获得高分，扎实的语法功底是必不可少的, 要获得7分或更好的成绩，必须运用多种complex structures。上期文章讲述一种让句子变得复杂的方法–Coordination，即通过在简单句间添加coordinator (FANBOYS, for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) 或者运用分号(semicolon)的方式来组成复合句compound sentence （链接戳这里【原创 · Dina老师】PTE听力速记技巧之--听力材料逻辑结构分析 ）。本期文章将介绍如果写复杂句。
首先我们来看一下这例子：
如果要把这两个简单句变复杂，部分同学可能想到用coordination的方式改写成：
这句话在语法上面是正确的，但是在语义上面出错了。Coordinator 连接的是平等的句子，平等包括语法结构和语义上的平等。在此例子中，后面的句子的意思是比前者更重要的，所以这句子不应该合成复合句，而是要合成复杂句。
因此我们应该把前一句从属于后一句：
When I arrived at the classroom, I found a cat under my desk.
这样前一句不再是一个独立的句子，我们称之为从句（dependent/subordinate clause）；而后一句仍可以独立成为一个句子，我们称之为主句(independent clause)。这种带有主句和从句的句子就是复杂句。而这种通过添加从句连接词（subordinating conjunction/subordinator），把一个原来独立的句子变成从句的的方式是subordination.
在一个复杂句中，从句就像副词一样，通常是讲述主句事件发生的时间（when）,原因（why）或者地点（where）。所以从句通常是以when，because, 和where 作为开头。例如：
Tom sits down for dinner. He can eat six burgers.
这例子中后一句的意思也是比前一句更重要的，因此需要把前一句用when来引导变成从句：
When Tom sits down for dinner, he can eat six burgers.
更多的例子：
Tom had some serious indigestion. He ate seven pizzas.
Tom had some serious indigestion because he ate seven pizzas.
There is food. You will find Tom.
Where there is food, you will find Tom.
下面是一些常用的从句连接词：
Time conjunction | ||
After As As soon as Before Once Since Until When While | After I left, … As I was walking down the street, … As soon as you finish, … Before the light goes out, … Once you have finished the cleaning, … (once means ‘after’) Since I made my first billion dollars, … Until the sun sets, … When the semester is over, … While the music was playing, … | |
Reason or cause conjunctions | ||
Because Since | Because you are improving your writing, … Since the water in the lake is so warm, … | |
Place conjunction | ||
Where Wherever | Where there is smoke, … Wherever you can find a job, … | |
Contrasting conjunctions | ||
Although Even though Whereas | Although you look honest, … Even though the test was difficult, … Whereas many people thought the world was flat, … | |
Conditional conjunctions | ||
If Unless | If I have the opportunity, … Unless he stops playing that music so loudly, … | |
1. 若从句在前，须在主句前添加逗号。
When the alarm clock rings in the morning, I turn it off and fall asleep again.
2. 若从句在后一般不添加逗号
I put the pillow over my head when the alarm clock rings in the morning.
3. 若从句由unless, although, where 或者since 引导，句子长且后置，在从句前添加逗号
He always gets to work on time, although his hair may not be combed or his shirt buttoned.
通过这两期的文章，大家应该明白为什么中小学时老师说because和so 以及although 和but 不能一起使用的原因吧。这是由于他们的语法性质决定的, subordinator 和coordinator 是不能同时出现在一个句子的。
建议大家写作时，应该有意识地把句子合并来增加句子结构的多样性和复杂程度，争取在Grammatical Range上获得更高的分数。
想刷出雅思成绩，就来找曼拓教育！7月课表就在下面↓，人人都在刷分，还不快下手？！
报名方式
1.联系电话：（02）9283 1227
2.添加曼拓教育课程咨询：zhinanzhenemily 或扫码添加
3.上门报名：Suite 201, 630 George Street, Sydney, 2000
4. 点击底部“阅读原文”直接报名
