留学英语:Essay 和 Dissertation写作常用词汇与表达方式

2014年08月28日 英国留学权威



留学英国的同学们肯定被各种essay和paper折磨的头痛吧,下面列了一些写essay经常用到的一些词汇及表达方式:
引用数据(图表、表格):

  • 常用的动词:show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide, list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …

  • as从句: As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by …

引用/简述他人的研究/观点:

  • XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为:state, claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe, develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss, observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume, speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend

  • 其它:Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to …

表达可能性:

  • It is certain that …

  • It is almost certain that …

  • It is very probable/ highly likely that …

  • It is probable/likely that …

  • It is possible that …

  • It is unlikely that …

  • It is very/highly unlikely that …

用于表达可能性的另一种途径:

  • There is a definite possibility that …

  • There is a strong possibility that …

  • There is a good possibility that …

  • There is a slight possibility that …

  • There is little possibility that …

表示例外:

  • With the exception of …

  • Apart from …

  • Except for …

表示原因/缘由:

  • be due to

  • be attibuted to

  • be accounted for

  • be a consequence of

  • stem from

表示定义/命名:

  • be named

  • be called

  • be denoted by

  • be known as

  • be defined as

  • be referred to

引出设问句(不能直接使用设问句):

  • It is uncertain/unclear …

  • It has not been determined …

  • It is necessary to consider …

  • The question remains …

  • Current studies provide little information on …

  • We need to know/consider …

  • There is some question as to …

  • Another issue raised by this study is …

指出问题所在:

  • This system/process/idea has its problems.

  • There remains the issue of reliability.

  • This model has some serious liminations.

  • Few solutions have been found to …

  • Little progress has been made in …

  • The problem remains as to how …

  • Researchers still have to find a way to …

引出解决方案:

  • Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One remedy is to …

  • One method to address this difficulty is to …

  • There are two possible ways of handling this problem. The first … The second …

  • Several options are available to address this obstacle. However, the best one seems to be …

  • A radically different design/model is needed to overcome this limitation.

  • Recently, researchers have made significant progress in overcoming this difficulty by …

引出中心话题:

  • Recently, there has been growing interest in …

  • The possibility of … has generated wide interest in …

  • The development of … is a classic problem in …

  • The development of … has led to the hope that …

  • The … has become a favorite topic for analysis …

  • Knowledge of … has great importance for …

  • The study of … has become an important aspect of …

  • A central issue in … is …

  • (The) … has been extensively studied in recent years.

  • Many investigators have recently turned to …

  • The relationship between … and … has been investigated by many researchers.

  • Many recent studies have focused on …

表达相似之处:

  • Similarly, …

  • Likewise, …

  • In the same fashion, …

  • As in X, in Y …

  • Like X, Y …

  • The same …

  • X is similar/comparable to Y

  • X resemble Y

  • X correspond to Y

表达不同之处或比较/对照:

  • In contrast, …

  • Unlike X, Y …

  • In contrast to …

  • On the other hand, …

  • …; however, …

  • …, but …

  • Whereas/While …, …

  • …, whereas/while …

  • X differ from Y

  • X is different from Y

  • X contrast with

评价他人的研究/论著:

  • 正面:useful, important, interesting, clarity, accessibility, detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant, comprehensive, practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant, scholoarly, original, perceptive, rigorous, economical

  • 负面:inconsistent, restricted, misleading, thin, anecdotal, sloppy

总结:

  • Overall, …

  • In general, …

  • On the whole, …

  • In the main, …

  • With … exception(s), …

  • The overall results indicate …

  • The results indicate, overall, that …

指出本研究的局限:

  • It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with …

  • This analysis has concentrated on …

  • The findings of this study are restricted to …

  • This study has addressed only the question of …

  • The limination of this study are clear: …

  • We would like to point out that we have not …

指出研究结果的局限:

  • However, the findings do not imply …

  • The results of this study cannot be taken as evidence for …

  • Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …

  • The lack of … means that we cannot be certain …

指出本研究的意义:

  • Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest …

  • Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here would seem to indicate …

  • However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into …

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