托福写作考试题型解析：
托福的写作考试需时大约50分钟，满分30分，包括综合写作(Integrated writing)与独立写作(Independent writing)两个部分，总分都是5分，分别独立评分后再取平均值方得到写作考试的最终分数。也就是说，对于最终的分数来说，两个部分的得分都同等重要，因此应给予相同程度的重视。
综合写作是以阅读和听力材料为基础的，考生首先需要在3分钟之内阅读一篇学术演讲，之后学生需要听一段约为2分钟左右的课堂讲解（这个时候要注意记笔记来帮助记忆），然后之前出现学术演讲（阅读材料）会再出现，此时考生就会被要求分析听力材料与阅读材料中要点的不同，字数建议写150-225左右。
独立写作需时30分钟，需要学生解释或支持对待某一问题的看法，字数建议写250以上。
评分标准：
（1）是否回应题目要求：考生的论据（例子）一定要具体、明确地切合主题，论证不能流于表面，比如论述某个问题不定不能一边倒，要顾及正反两面；
（2）句子是否连贯，逻辑、条理是否清晰；
（3）用词是否恰当、熟练；
（4）语法是否得当；
（5）写作格式是否符合要求：所提及的文章标题需要加引号，书名要用斜体，每段首行要空格（留出一个单词的空格），句子开头的单词首字母要大写。
扣分点：
1）误用一些自己不了解的生僻词汇；
2）盲目使用句式复杂的长句而忽略了语法的正确性；
3）默写范文（抄袭）；
4）文章内容过于笼统，没有具体、深入的论述；
5）跑题或太多废话、太多重复内容；
6）语气或用词不够正式；
7）时态错误；
8）标点错误。
托福写作范文：
以下是AF君为大家提供的几篇托福写作范文，供大家参考。如果您有托福写作文章需要修改的，可以通过邮件的形式发送给AF托福写作顾问老师，我们将免费帮您修改。
托福-综合写作题（Integrated Essay）
1. Incan Fortress of Sacsayhuaman (casting doubt)
The reading and the lecture are both about Sacsayhuaman, which is a walled fortress built by the Incan people near the city of Cusco.
The author of the reading believes that the fortress was not built for defensive purposes. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that, in fact, the fortress was built to defend the Inca against invaders.
First of all, the author claims that the walls in the fortress were not solid. He notes that the fortress actually consists of a series of walls with great gaps in between them, which invaders could have passed through. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the gaps were left in order to conserve building materials. Furthermore, she points out that natural barriers would have provided sufficient defense in the areas where the gaps were located.
Secondly, the author states that the wall contains various entryways. He argues that these passages were not defended very well and that aggressors could have passed through them. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that the entries were left because the Inca needed to see the invaders as they approached in order to plan their strategies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that the entries were mostly windows which were too small for invaders to enter through.
Finally, the author mentions that no wells have been found behind the walls. He is of the opinion that if the fortress had been blockaded by invaders the defenders would have died of thirst. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that because of the high altitude of the fortress, invaders would not have been able to sustain long attacks. She puts forth the idea that defenders could have resupplied when their attackers fell back as a result of the altitude.
2. Large Animals
The reading and the lecture are both about why animals that existed in the “early earth” period were larger than animals today. The author of the reading presents three possible explanations for this phenomenon. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that none of the theories are supported by facts or evidence.
First of all, the author claims that animals were larger because the early earth had a greater supply of oxygen. He notes that high oxygen levels stimulate growth in certain species. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the atmosphere of the early earth was full of poisonous gasses which made it difficult for animals to breathe. She points out that oxygen levels were not higher than they are today.
Secondly, the author states that animals that existed in the early earth period grew large as a result of having access to abundant plant life to feed on. He argues that animals grew large because they consumed high levels of nutrients and that they passed down their size to succeeding generations. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that plant life was in fact abundant, but that it was mostly low in nutrients. She notes that this is because plants rely on carbon dioxide to grow strong, but that they did not have ready access to this during the period.
Finally, the author mentions that warm climates caused animals in this period to grow large. He is of the opinion that because they did not have to use energy to stay warm, they were able to channel it into growing larger bodies. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that in today’s era, warm climates are mostly known for having small animals. She puts forth the idea that large bodies are disadvantageous in warm climates.
3. Smart Cars
The reading and the listening are both about smart cars, which are cars that are able to drive themselves. The author of the reading describes three benefits related to the cars. The professor casts doubt on each of the theories presented in the reading. He does not feel that the cars are as beneficial as the author assumes.
First of all, the author states that smart cars will save lives by preventing accidents. He is of the opinion that the sensors and computer systems used in the smart cars will be more efficient than human judgment when it comes to preventing accidents. The lecturer casts doubt on this assertion. He is of the opinion that smart cars will still get into accidents. Moreover, he believes that if smart car technology leads to denser traffic than before, certain types of accidents will be even worse than they currently are.
Secondly, the author claims that smart cars will lead to the end of traffic problems. He says that this will result from the fact that smart cars can follow each other closely at higher speeds than regular cars. The lecturer challenges this theory. He states that if driving becomes more convenient, more people will opt to join in. He says that with an increased number of cars on the road, traffic congestion will actually increase.
Finally, the author points out that smart cars will reduce the cost of driving. He argues that because smart cars are programmed to take very direct routes, owners will not need to spend as much money on repairs and replacement parts. The professor, on the other hand, points out that smart cars utilize a lot of expensive technology not implemented in regular cars. He says that repairing this sort of technology will be more costly than repairing the technology in a normal vehicle.
托福-独立写作题（Independent Essays）
1. The widespread use of the internet has given people access to information on a level never experienced before. How does this increase in the availability of information influence life in today's world?
Most people agree that the Internet affects society in many different ways. In my opinion, the most prominent effect of the Internet is that it has strengthened democracy. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay.
To begin with, online investigative reporting plays a major role in exposing political corruption and keeping politicians honest. In the past, there were only a limited number of news outlets and they often had deep connections to powerful politicians and were hesitant to criticize them. These days, however, there are many independent publications on the Internet that are willing to expose political misbehavior. For example, an online magazine recently published a story revealing that the mayor of my hometown had taken bribes from a property developer. The report was so detailed and well-researched that the mayor had no choice but to resign. Although the evidence was not hard to locate, only this independent website was willing to write about it. This example demonstrates how the Internet helps to strengthen democracy in the modern world.
Secondly, the free exchange of ideas found online motivates people to become politically active. In countries all over the world, people use social networking sites to share their ideas and opinions. While in the past people might have thought that they were alone in their beliefs, they can now realize that others share their ideas. My own experience demonstrates this concept. When I was a university student, I learned that a municipal park near my residence was going to be demolished to make room for a parking lot. This bothered me a lot because I enjoyed spending time in the park. At first I thought that there was nothing that I, as an individual, could do to stop this from happening. However, I later joined a Facebook group dedicated to opposing the plan. When the members of the group learned how many people in the city loved the park we were happy to get together and enthusiastically protest in front of city hall until our voices were heard. I think that finding each other on that Facebook group gave us the courage to actively protect our park.
In conclusion, I strongly believe that the Internet has strengthened democracy in modern society. This is because online investigative journalism plays a big part in keeping politicians honest, and because social networking sites encourage people to be politically active.
2. Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer.
Neighbors play an important role in our lives, and almost everyone in the world has at least one neighbor. For this reason, it is important to consider what characteristics define a good neighbor. In my opinion, a good neighbor is both supportive and respectful. I will explore the reasons why I feel this way in the following essay.
To begin with, a good neighbor must be supportive because our lives are full of unplanned emergencies. Oftentimes the people live close to us are the only ones who can provide assistance when things go wrong. For example, my family experienced a major house fire several years ago. It was a traumatic experience as it happened in the middle of the night and we lost most of our belongings. Though none of us suffered any injuries, we did experience a lot of emotional trauma. Our situation was aided, however, by a compassionate neighbor who immediately called the fire department upon noticing the fire and who also provided us with clean clothes, food and a place to stay for the night. This example demonstrates how important it is to have kind and supportive neighbors when an emergency happens.
Moreover, a good neighbor is someone who is respectful of those around him. People view their home as a sort of sanctuary from the stressful modern world and if their neighbors do not respect this belief they will suffer a lot. My own experience demonstrates this reality. Five years ago, I lived alone in an apartment in a busy city. My job at that time was extremely stressful and also physically draining. After a day at work I wanted nothing more than to go home and unwind. However, the person living in the apartment above me played loud music all night which made it almost impossible for me to relax. He had no respect for those around him and thought only of himself. In contrast, the person who lives above my family today does not do this and though I have the same job, I am better able to deal with its difficulties. This illustrates the value of having a neighbor who respects those who live nearby.
In conclusion, I strongly believe that good neighbors are both supportive and respectful. This is because such people can help us handle life’s unexpected emergencies and allow us to feel comfortable in our own homes.
3. What is your approach to problem-solving, and how does it work for you? Use specific details to support your response.
Everyone has problems and everyone has their own approach to problem solving. When I am faced with a dilemma, my solution is to talk to someone about it, preferably a person who is older and more experienced than I am. There are two reasons why I feel this way, which I will explore in the following essay.
First of all, my problems are not particularly special and there are many people in my social circle who have already dealt with identical issues. My experience has taught me that when I have a crisis, there is always an older person in my life who has dealt with the exact same problem. Not only that, but they have lived through the consequences of the decisions they made in regard to the issue. For instance, when I was a university freshman I was terribly behind on one of my assignments. I could not decide between asking my professor for an extension which may have made me look lazy in her eyes, or submitting a sub-par assignment which would make me look like a poor student. Fortunately, a sophomore in the department explained that most professors are more than willing to provide extensions when needed. He told me that none of them would view me as lazy, as they all understand the pressures that students are under these days.
Furthermore, I find that simply vocalizing my problems helps me to put them in perspective. Merely having someone to listen to my problems assists my problem solving, even if that person does not have a lot of advice to give me. For example, after talking about the above issue with my classmate, I realized that it was not the end of the world. I know now that I was over thinking the problem, that both of the possible solutions were feasible and that my professor would not see me as a bad person either way. Moreover, when I explained to my upperclassman that the assignment was worth only one-fifth of my final grade, I realized that I could stop worrying about the problem. This came to me even before he voiced his opinion on the matter.
In conclusion, my approach to problem solving is to talk to someone about my problem. I do this because there are many people in my life who have endured the same problems and because vocalizing my issues helps me overcome my worries.
